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Mark Pirner, MD, PhD

Introduction: Abrupt discontinuation of opioids after chronic use can result in severe, distressing symptoms that result from central noradrenergic hyperactivity. Avoidance of opioid with...
11/22/2019
Introduction: Abrupt opioid withdrawal after chronic use results in central noradrenergic hyperactivity that is expressed clinically as opioid withdrawal syndrome (OWS). Patients with opi...
11/22/2019