How Vitamin D Is Linked to Periodontal Health

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone crucial for calcium metabolism, bone health, immune regulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Its deficiency is linked to bone problems and chronic diseases. Notably, vitamin D's influence on periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition causing tooth-supporting tissue damage, is gaining attention. This article delves into the biological mechanisms behind this connection and examines clinical evidence.

Periodontitis involves bacterial-induced tissue destruction, leading to tooth loss. It shares risk factors with other chronic diseases. Vitamin D's functions, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, suggest its potential impact. Experimental models deleting the enzyme responsible for active vitamin D synthesis showed exacerbated bone loss and inflammation. Genetic variations related to vitamin D receptors were also linked to severe periodontitis.

Clinical studies consistently found a negative link between vitamin D levels (measured as serum 25OHD3) and periodontal inflammation. Yet, longitudinal studies correlating vitamin D status and periodontal disease progression are scarce. Initial research mainly employed soft tissue indicators, limiting assessment. Some studies suggest vitamin D affects gum bleeding more than bone loss. The variability in disease definitions and vitamin D thresholds complicates interpretation.

While evidence supports vitamin D's role in maintaining periodontal health, more research is needed. Adequate vitamin D levels seem beneficial, but the optimal supplementation amount and effect on disease progression require clarification. Further studies should target at-risk populations to determine dosing and potential benefits.

In conclusion, vitamin D's involvement in periodontitis is supported by preclinical and clinical data. Although studies consistently associate low vitamin D with periodontal inflammation, more research is essential to confirm its impact on disease progression. Maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels appears beneficial for periodontal health.

Reference:

Lu EM. The role of vitamin D in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res. 2023;58(2):213-224. doi:10.1111/jre.13083